Reflective solder mask layer for led phosphor package

ABSTRACT

A mounting substrate has a patterned metal layer defining a plurality of top metal bond pads for bonding to bottom metal bond pads of LED dies. A solder mask layer is formed over the mounting substrate, where the mask has openings that expose the top metal bond pads and protects metal traces on the substrate. The mask layer is a highly reflective white paint. The exposed top metal bond pads are then wetted with solder. The LED dies&#39; bottom metal bond pads are then soldered to the exposed top metal bond pads, such that the mask layer surrounds each LED die to reflect light. A reflective ring is affixed to the substrate to surround the LED dies. A viscous phosphor material then partially fills the ring and is cured. All downward light by the LED dies and phosphor is reflected upward by the ring and solder mask layer.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/103,474, filed Jun. 10, 2016, which is a § 371 application of International Application No. PCT/IB2014/066349 filed on Nov. 26, 2014 and entitled “REFLECTIVE SOLDER MASK LAYER FOR LED PHOSPHOR PACKAGE,” which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/917,421 filed Dec. 18, 2013, which are incorporated by reference as if fully set forth.

FIELD OF INVENTION

This invention relates to packages for phosphor-converted light emitting diodes (pcLEDs) and, in particular, to a package that increases light extraction.

BACKGROUND

For high brightness applications, it is common to mount an array of LED dies on a substrate, where the substrate has metal traces that interconnect the LED dies and lead to anode and cathode electrodes for connection to a power supply. It is common for the LED dies to be GaN-based and emit blue light, where a phosphor (e.g., a YAG phosphor) is deposited over all the LED dies. The combination of the blue light leaking though the phosphor and the yellow-green phosphor light creates white light.

Some light from the LED dies and some light from the phosphor is emitted in the downward direction and is partially absorbed by the substrate. Further, if the individual LED dies are also mounted on submounts (typically much larger than the LED die), and the submount electrodes are bonded to the substrate, the submount surface also absorbs some of the LED and phosphor light. Such absorption by the substrate and submount reduces the overall efficiency of the module.

What is needed is a packaging technique for phosphor-converted LEDs that results in more light being emitted by the package.

SUMMARY

In one example of the invention, a starting substrate comprises aluminum for sinking heat. A thin dielectric layer is formed over the top surface of the substrate, and metal traces are patterned over the dielectric. The metal traces define small-area solder pads for a plurality of LED dies, larger anode and cathode electrodes (also solder pads) for the module, and interconnections between the LED dies and electrodes.

In one embodiment, screen printing is used to deposit a solder mask over the substrate. The solder mask deposits a dielectric that has openings exposing the various electrodes and LED die solder pads. The dielectric is a highly reflective material, such as a binder including TiO₂, ZiO₂, VO₂, or other suitable reflective particles, that scatter and reflect any impinging light. The reflective material may be the same white paint that is used in integrating spheres, with a reflectivity greater than about 94%.

Next, the LED die electrodes are soldered to the exposed solder pads. The solder mask openings may be small enough such that the peripheries of the LED dies align with or overhang the reflective material, so that any downward light from the LED dies will be reflected by the reflective material.

A reflective ring, forming vertical walls, is then affixed to the substrate to surround the array of LED dies.

A phosphor is then deposited within the ring (the ring is also used as a mold) to encapsulate the LED dies and wavelength convert the light emitted from the LED dies. The phosphor also serves to conduct heat away from the LED dies. In one embodiment, the LED dies emit blue light, and the blue light plus the phosphor light creates white light.

The LED dies may or may not include a submount. A submount is typically used to simplify handling, add mechanical strength, and/or to provide robust and simple electrodes for soldering to a circuit board. If such a submount is used, the submount is as small as practical so as to not intercept the downward light from the LED semiconductor layers.

Dome lenses may be molded over the LED dies prior to the deposition of the phosphor for improving light extraction.

The reflective solder mask adds no additional steps, yet greatly improves the efficiency of the LED module.

Other embodiments are described.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING(S)

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a prior art LED die.

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of an LED die mounted on a minimal-area submount.

FIG. 3 is a bottom view of an LED die or a submount showing the electrode pattern.

FIG. 4 is a top down view of an aluminum substrate having a dielectric layer and a patterned metal layer.

FIG. 5 illustrates the substrate FIG. 4 after deposition of a reflective solder mask, exposing the solder pads.

FIG. 6 illustrates the substrate of FIG. 5 after LED dies have been soldered to the solder pads.

FIG. 7 is a magnified cross-sectional view, along line 7-7 in FIG. 5, of a portion of the substrate of FIG. 5 showing two LED dies having optional lenses.

FIG. 8 is a top down view of the substrate of FIG. 6 after a reflective ring is affixed around the array of LED dies.

FIG. 9 is a magnified cross-sectional view, along line 9-9 in FIG. 8, of a portion of the substrate of FIG. 8 illustrating the ring being at least partially filled with an encapsulating phosphor mixture.

Elements that are the same or similar are labeled with the same numeral.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 illustrates a conventional LED die 12. Although a flip-chip die is shown in the examples, the present invention is applicable to any type of LED die, including vertical LED dies, lateral LED dies, etc.

The LED die 12 includes a bottom anode electrode 14 coupled to a p-layer 16 and a bottom cathode electrode 18 coupled to an n-layer 20 by a conductor 22 that fills in an etched opening, covered with a dielectric, in the p-layer 16 and active layer 24. The electrode configuration may be more complex and include distributed electrodes for better spreading of current across the LED die 12. The active layer 24 generates light having a peak wavelength. In one example, the peak wavelength is a blue wavelength, and the layers 16, 20, and 24 are GaN-based.

The layers 16, 20, and 24 are epitaxially grown over a substrate 26, such as sapphire. Alternatively, the growth substrate may be removed and replaced by a transparent support substrate affixed to the semiconductor layers by an adhesive or by other techniques. Alternatively, there is no support substrate, although handling of the thin LED semiconductor layers becomes more difficult.

As shown in FIG. 2, the LED die 12 may be optionally mounted on a submount 28 for ease of handling, mechanical support, heat sinking, and simplifying the electrode structure for mounting on a printed circuit board. The submount 28 includes a thermally conductive body 30, bottom electrodes 32 and 34, and vias 36 and 37 connecting the bottom electrodes 32/34 to the LED die electrodes 14/18. Additional pads (not shown) on the submount surface are used to connect the LED die electrodes 14/18 to the vias 36/37. The typical submount is much larger than the LED die 12 to accomplish the above-mentioned functions. However, in the preferred embodiment of the invention, when using a submount, it is desirable to make the submount much smaller than the typical size to minimize light absorption by the submount surface. In one embodiment, the growth substrate 26 is removed after the LED die 12 is mounted on the submount 28.

The term “LED die” hereinafter refers to either the bare chip (e.g., FIG. 1) or the chip mounted on a submount (e.g., FIG. 2).

FIG. 3 illustrates a possible bottom electrode configuration for either the LED die 12 or the submount 28.

In the remaining figures, it is assumed a submount is not used. However, the LED die/submount may be substituted for the bare LED die 12 in the remaining figures.

FIG. 4 is a top down view of a substrate 40 for an array of LED dies 12. FIG. 7 shows a cross sectional view of the substrate 40. The substrate 40 may include a body 41 formed of aluminum or an alloy for heat sinking. The substrate 40 may have any shape, such as rectangular, circular, etc. The length or diameter of the substrate 40 depends on the number of LED dies it supports and will typically range from 1 cm to 4 cm. The substrate 40 is typically connected in an array of substrates by narrow connectors that are later cut for singulation to simplify handling and speed processing.

A non-conductive dielectric layer 42 (FIG. 7) is formed over the body 41 for electrical insulation.

A patterned metal layer, such as copper, is formed over the dielectric layer 42 to define small solder pad groups 44A, 44B, 44C, and 44D for each of the LED dies 12 in the array, and to define larger solder pads 46 and 48 for the array's anode and cathode electrodes. The solder pad groups 44A-D may include one or more heat sink connections. The metal layer also forms interconnections 50 between the LED dies 12 and the electrodes 46 and 48. In the example, only four LED dies 12 are connected in series and parallel. In other embodiments, more or fewer LED dies 12 may be interconnected in series and/or parallel to achieve the desired electrical characteristics and flux.

A problem with the related prior art LED modules is that a significant portion of the LED light emitted downward is absorbed by the mounting substrate. The most absorption by the substrate occurs in the vicinity of each LED die 12, since that is where the light is the brightest. The present invention minimizes such absorption.

In FIG. 5, a white (diffusing) paint 52 is screen printed over the substrate 40 in all places except where solder is to be applied. FIG. 7 is a discontinuous cross-section along line 7-7 in FIG. 5 and shows the paint 52 in cross-section. The screen is a mesh that is patterned to block the deposition of the white paint 52 over the solder pad groups 44A, 44B, 44C, and 44D. The white paint 52 is a viscous dielectric that is then cured. Accordingly, the white paint 52 replaces a conventional solder mask, and no additional steps are required. A solder mask restricts any deposited solder, such as molten solder that flows over the substrate 40, to areas that are exposed by the mask.

Examples of a diffusing white paint include a binder (such as silicone) infused with particles of TiO₂, ZiO₂, VO₂, or other suitable reflective scattering particles.

In another embodiment, the white paint is applied, in conjunction with a mask, by jetting, spraying, a photolithography process with evaporation, or other technique.

Commercially available white paints are greater than 94% reflective for visible wavelengths and are sometimes used in integrating spheres for light measurement. The white paint 52 material should be thermally conductive. Preferably, the reflectivity of the white paint 52 is at least 90% for visible light.

By applying the white paint 52 as the solder mask, it is ensured that the reflective material extends to the edge of the LED dies 12 and even under the LED dies 12 between the electrodes. Accordingly, the white paint 52 maximizes the reflective surface area of the substrate, limits the applied solder to only the areas exposed by the solder mask, and acts as a corrosion barrier for the metal traces, without any added process steps, so there is synergy in the inventive process.

In another embodiment, a conventional solder mask material (e.g., used for non-LED circuit boards) is applied directly over the substrate 40 followed by the deposition of the white paint 52 (using the same mask pattern) if the conventional solder mask material is desired for adequate protection of the substrate 40 and to reduce costs. In such a case, the white paint 52 protects the solder mask material from degrading due to the high intensity blue or UV light.

A solder 54 (FIG. 7) is then applied to the various solder pads for wetting. The solder 54 may be screen-printed, or applied with a solder mask, or applied in any other conventional way. The solder 54 may be a solder paste.

In FIG. 6, the LED die 12 electrodes (or submount electrodes) are soldered to the substrate's solder pads using a heating process. As seen, there is no gap between the white paint 52 and the edge of the LED dies 12. If the LED dies were vertical LED dies, only the bottom electrode would be directly soldered to one of the substrate's 42 solder pads, and the top electrode would be wire-bonded to another solder pad. If the LED dies were lateral LED dies, the bottom thermal pad would be soldered to one of the substrate's 42 solder pads and both top electrodes would be wire-bonded to associated solder pads. In virtually all LED dies, there is at least one bottom metal bond pad that serves as an electrical and/or thermal pad.

In another embodiment, solder is not used. Instead the bonding may be by an ultrasonic weld, a conductive adhesive (electrically and thermally conductive), or using other techniques. In such cases, the “solder mask” would be referred to by a suitable name but would still define the areas on the substrate 40 where the bottom metal bond pad of the LED die is to be bonded, and the exposed areas would be approximately the size of the LED die.

FIG. 7 is a compressed and magnified cross-sectional view of a portion of the substrate 40 along line 7-7 in FIG. 5 cutting across two of the LED dies 12 in the horizontal direction. A solder 54 is shown connecting the LED die electrodes to the solder pad groups 44A and 44D.

Domed lenses 58 may optionally be molded over the LED dies 12 for improved light extraction and protection of the LED dies 12. In an alternative embodiment, LED dies 12 may be enclosed in domed lens prior to soldering, with or without a submount.

In FIG. 8, a reflective ring 60 is affixed to the surface of the substrate 40, surrounding the array of LED dies 12. The ring 60 may be a reflective metal or a material coated with a reflective layer. The ring 60 may be affixed with silicone or epoxy.

FIG. 9 is a compressed and magnified cross-sectional view of a portion of the substrate 40 along line 9-9 in FIG. 8 cutting across two of the LED dies 12 in the horizontal direction and the ring 60, where walls of the ring 60 extend above the tops of the LED dies 12 and reflect and mix the light.

As also shown in FIG. 9, a viscous phosphor mixture 62 is deposited within the ring 60, acting as a mold, and cured. The phosphor mixture 62 may be a mixture of silicone and phosphor particles. Many ways to deposit the phosphor mixture 62 are envisioned, such as by using a syringe, screen printing, positioning a pre-formed tablet in the ring that is then melted, etc. The phosphor mixture 62 encapsulates the LED dies 12 for added protection.

The thickness of the phosphor mixture 62 and phosphor particle density are controlled to achieve the desired combination of blue light leakage and phosphor conversion. The phosphor may be a single phosphor (e.g., YAG) or a combination of phosphors (e.g., YAG and red, or green and red, etc.) to achieve the desired color emission.

Preferably, the indices of refraction of the various layers are selected to provide a transition from the high index GaN to the low index of air to minimize total internal reflection (TIR).

The reflective surface of the substrate 40 under the phosphor mixture 62 reflects back over 94% of all the phosphor light emitted in a downward direction.

Any number of LED dies 12 may be mounted on the substrate 40, and the diameter of the ring 60 is that needed to surround the LED dies 12 and may be adjusted accordingly. Any number of the resulting substrates 40 can be connected in a system to achieve any desired flux. In one embodiment, the resulting structure emits white light. Other emission colors are possible by selecting different LED dies and phosphors. A quantum dot material may be substituted for the phosphor mixture 62.

An improvement in efficiency of greater than 10% is typically achieved by using the invention.

While particular embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that changes and modifications may be made without departing from this invention in its broader aspects and, therefore, the appended claims are to encompass within their scope all such changes and modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of this invention. 

1. A chip on board (COB) light-emitting diode (LED) comprising: a circuit board including: a plurality of conductive pad groups on a surface of the circuit board, a plurality of interconnects, on the surface of the circuit board, that electrically couple each of the conductive pad groups to power supply pads, and a reflective solder mask layer covering the entire surface of the circuit board, including the interconnects, with portions of the plurality of conductive pad groups exposed through openings in the reflective solder mask layer; and a plurality of LED devices, each LED device electrically coupled to a respective one of the conductive pad groups.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein each of the conductive pad groups comprises a first conductive pad and a second conductive pad.
 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the portions of the plurality of conductive pad groups exposed from the reflective solder mask layer include a portion of each first conductive pad and a portion of each second conductive pad.
 4. The system of claim 3, further comprising solder disposed in each of the openings in the reflective solder mask layer that provide the electrical coupling between each of the LED devices and the respective first and second conductive pads.
 5. The system of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of LED devices includes a first conductive pad and a second conductive pad, and the reflective solder resist layer completely surrounds each of the plurality of LEDs and is disposed under each of the plurality of LEDs between the first and second conductive pads.
 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the plurality of conductive pad groups and the plurality of LED devices form an LED device array, and the power supply pads are anode and cathode pads for the LED device array.
 7. The system of claim 1, further comprising a reflective ring on the circuit board and surrounding the plurality of LED devices.
 8. The system of claim 7, further comprising a wavelength converting material over the plurality of LED devices and at least partially filling the reflective ring.
 9. The system of claim 7, wherein the power supply pads are disposed on the circuit board outside a perimeter of the reflective ring.
 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the reflective solder mask layer is reflective of 90% of visible light.
 11. A chip on board (COB) LED comprising: a circuit board; an array of LED devices on a surface of the circuit board; a reflective ring on the surface of the circuit board and surrounding the array of LED devices; a respective dome lens disposed over each of the plurality of LED devices; and a wavelength converting material over the LED array, including the dome lenses, and at least partially filling the reflective ring.
 12. The LED lighting system of claim 11, wherein each respective dome lens separates a respective one of the plurality of LED devices in the array from the wavelength converting material.
 13. The LED lighting system of claim 11, further comprising: a plurality of conductive pad groups on a surface of the circuit board; and a reflective solder mask layer covering the entire surface of the circuit board with portions of the plurality of conductive pad groups exposed through openings in the reflective solder mask layer.
 14. The LED lighting system of claim 11, wherein each of the conductive pad groups comprises a first conductive pad and a second conductive pad.
 15. The LED lighting system of claim 14, wherein the portions of the plurality of conductive pad groups exposed from the reflective solder mask layer include a portion of each first conductive pad and a portion of each second conductive pad.
 16. The LED lighting system of claim 11, wherein the reflective solder mask layer is reflective of 90% of visible light.
 17. A method of manufacturing a chip on board (COB) LED comprising: providing a circuit board including a plurality of solder pad groups on a surface thereof; forming a reflective solder mask layer over the surface of the circuit board covering all of the surface except regions of the solder pad groups; forming a plurality of LEDs; providing a dome lens over each of the LEDs; applying solder to the regions of the solder pad groups; disposing the plurality of LEDs in contact with the solder to electrically and mechanically couple one of the plurality of LEDs to each of the solder pad groups; forming a reflective ring on the circuit board and over the solder mask layer; and at least partially filling the reflective ring with a wavelength converting material.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the forming the reflective solder mask layer comprises screen printing the reflective solder mask using a mesh patterned to block deposition of the reflective solder mask over the solder pad groups.
 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the providing the dome lens over each of the LEDs comprises molding the dome lens over each of the LEDs after soldering.
 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the providing the dome lens over each of the LEDs comprises enclosing each of the LEDs in a respective dome lens before soldering. 